Do We Need An International Criminal Court - 1227 Words

Do we need an international criminal court ? The International Criminal Court (ICC), governed by the Rome Statute, is the first interminable, treaty based, international criminal court established to help end exemptions for the perpetrators of the most serious and heinous crimes of concern to the international community. The ICC was mandated in July of 1998 but was bought into force by July of 2002.1 The Rome Statute is a mutual treaty which serves as the ICC s foundational and leading document. States which become party to the Rome Statute, for example by passing it, become member states of the ICC. Currently, there are 122 states which are party to the Rome Statute and as a result are members of the ICC.2 The creation of the International Criminal Court is a global response to the extreme mayhem perpetrated in the last century. Unfortunately, in all too many cases, terrible crimes went unpunished and a alleged culture of impunity protected the perpetrators. National courts often d id not investigate the crimes adequately, or at all. The International criminal court was established at the Paris Peace Conference Following the First World War, because some of the most heinous crimes were committed during the conflicts which marked the twentieth century.3 Unfortunately, many of these violations of international law have remained unpunished and the role of the International criminal court was to bring past and future dreadful crimes to trial and to be punished, andShow MoreRelatedThe Long Arm Of International Law1145 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation. Pierre Leval, who is a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, wrote the article, â€Å"The Long Arm of International Law† (2011). Leval was born in New York and received his bachelor’s degree in 1959 from Harvard (2011). Shortly after, in 1963, he earned his first professional doctorate degree as a Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School(2011). After his nomination by President Bill Clinton in 1993, Leval joined the court (2011). Prior to this, he served on the Southern DistrictRead MoreEssay On International Criminal Court744 Words   |  3 Pagesnumerous reforms in the International Criminal Court that needs to bà © established to the national justice system in order to uphold the same aims of International law. The International Criminal court needs to increase its universality of the scope of the court, although the icc statute has been ratified by many states, efforts to reinforce its universality must be strengthened, such as the United states, Russia and China, this complicates, if not makes it impossible, for the court to exercise its jurisdictionRead More International criminal court Essays948 Words   |  4 Pages ICC and America nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Over the past few years, the International Criminal Court (ICC or â€Å"the Court†) has been igniting controversy the world over. As more countries rallied behind it, more objections have been made, particularly from Americans, regarding what many view as fundamental flaws. I have chosen two papers to compare and contrast the different viewpoints taken by the authors when reflecting upon America’s involvement with the ICC. One calls for total rejectionRead MoreDomestic And International Measures Of International Crime1027 Words   |  5 PagesBoth domestic and international measures are somewhat effective in dealing with international crime. Both crimes against the international community and Transnational crimes represent both positive outcomes in dealing with international crime, thus, exemplify issues in key areas. Through intergovernmental organizations such as the International Criminal Court and Operation Sovereign Borders (OSB), internat ional crime Is effectively dealt with. Hence, problems such as extradition and people smugglingRead More International Criminal Court Essay examples1484 Words   |  6 PagesInternational Criminal Court Allegations of war crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity have undoubtedly received unprecedented press coverage in recent years – more than at any time since Nuremberg. This is not because the incidences of such barbarities have increased, but simply because those crimes are brought to us more rapidly these days by the electronic media. Since the early 1990’s the international community has witnessed of a variety of criminal tribunalsRead MoreComputer Access and Information Storage1730 Words   |  7 Pagessupport in both criminal and civil proceedings. â€Æ' What legislation exists in Ireland to handle computer crime? Ireland does not have exclusive law that would deal with computer crime as such, but has two laws that can handle computer crimes. Criminal Damage Act 1991 (the â€Å"1991 Act†) deals with principal offences in section 2 and section 5 while Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act, 2001 (the â€Å"2001 Act†) covers computer related offences in section 9 and section 48. Criminal Damage Act 1991Read MoreChina s Justice System And Its International Police Cooperation1573 Words   |  7 Pageslegal system. Many countries do not take rights of citizens into account like the United States does and this is a major problem. The United States justice system believes that you are innocent until proven guilty, but the opposite is so for some other countries and you are guilty until you can prove your innocence. This paper will serve to compare one such country to the United States. This paper will look at China’s Justice system, policing system, and its international police cooperation. China willRead MoreThe Medellin V. Texas Case Study1509 Words   |  7 PagesTexas State Court. The key factor here is that Medellin being a Mexican national (spending most of his life in the United States) was not provided his rights to contact or inform consular personnel from Mexico concerning his detention in the US. According to Article 36 of the Vienna Conventio n (Which the US is also a signatory) Medellin should be given his rights to do so. Medellin also claimed that he was in-fact, not informed of this. With the intervention of the International Court of Justice (ICJ)Read MoreThe Rule Of Law And The Law Of The Land1693 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinition that really jumped out at me is: â€Å"Rule of law refers to an end state in which all individuals and institutions, public and private, and the state itself are held accountable to the law, which is supreme. Laws must be consistent with international human rights norms and standards, legally certain, legally transparent, drafted with procedural transparency, and publicly promulgated. This end state requires equal enforcement and equality before the law, independent adjudication of the law,Read MoreChild Labor During A Nike Factory1666 Words   |  7 Pages A set of laws that can be established to eradicate this evil from Pakistan have been elaborated upon in the paper, these proposals include the Trafficking Victim Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA), the International Human Right Treaty by the General Assembly, International Criminal Court (ICC), penalty laws for businesses practicing child labor, system to inspect workplaces for child labor and holding employers responsible for the education of the employed children. The recommendations section

The Debate Of Nature And Nurture - 1771 Words

As we all know, the debate of nature and nurture is one of the oldest debates in the history of psychology. The argument between the two is concerned with whether behavior is inherited or acquired. Nature is behavior that is genetically inherited. Nature is thought of as pre-wiring because it is believed that we inherit our genes from our parents, therefore, our traits are directly linked to our behavior. Nurture on the other hand is behavior that is learned or acquired over time. Nurture is thought of as behaviorism which means that all behavior can be learned from the environment through conditioning (McLeod, 2007). It is common knowledge that several characteristics can be genetically inherited, such as eye color, hair color, straight hair or curly hair, pigment in the skin, and certain genetic diseases. Other characteristics that include weight, height, life expectancy, and vulnerability to certain illnesses, seem to be strongly influenced by genetic make-up. On the other hand th ere are environmentalists. Environmentalists assume that at birth the mind is completely blank and is gradually filled as a result of experience. Through this point of view psychological characteristics and behavioral differences that are emerging through infancy and into childhood are the result of learning. It is the way that you are brought up that determines the psychologically significant aspects of child development. Now it is understood why nature and nurture has been controversial forShow MoreRelatedNature Nurture Debate922 Words   |  4 PagesThe nature versus nurture debate is the scientific, cultural, and philosophical debate about whether human culture, behavior, and personality are caused primarily by nature or nurture. Within the field of psychology, this so-called nature-nurture debate, is very often associated with the issue of intellectual quotient, better known as IQ. In the past psychologists have argued that the way in which a child developed was based solely o n nature, genetic or hormone-based behaviors, or nurture, environmentRead MoreNature Nurture Debate1499 Words   |  6 PagesThis report compares and contrasts the nature-nurture debate in relation to the development of the individual. Introduction The nature vs. nurture debate focusses on the extent to which aspects of behaviour are a due to either inherited (genetic) or acquired (learned) characteristics1. Historically, some theorists have argued that we are born to be the way we are. Others have argued that it is the way we are brought up and influenced by our surroundings that makes us the way we are2. A fixed beliefRead MoreThe Debate On Nature And Nurture1055 Words   |  5 PagesThis is possibly one of the hardest debates to try and describe to someone. On its face, it’s pretty simple, or black and white. It’s an â€Å"either/or† debate. Having had similar debates where nature and nurture were discussed as possible reasons for X, I have always been more comfortable with the idea that it’s not so much a matter of Nature or Nurture, but rather a sliding scale on which Nature and Nurture represent the opposing ends of the scale. The research I’m finding is showing this to be theRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : The Debate Of Nature Versus Nurture895 Words   |  4 PagesNature vs. Nurture The debate of nature versus nurture has been an ongoing debate for a long time. When applying this argument to education there is no proven winner. The nature side of the coin believes that a person is born the way that they are. This could include intelligence level or personality traits such as being outgoing or shy. The other side of the argument of nurture believes that the type of upbringing that someone has will play a large role in the way they develop. It is thoughtRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Debate1343 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversial to psychologist since the phrase was created in 1869 is â€Å"Nature vs Nurture†. Although the debate was started well before then, 1869 was the first time it was tied to the debate. The nature vs nurture debate is over whether you get your behavior from genetics, what you inherited from your biological parents, or if they are learned characteristics, what you learn from the environment and what you get taught. The debate can be traced back to early western philosophy and is still relevantRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate878 Words   |  4 Pagespersonalities and traits produced by genetics or shaped by the environment? Or, is there a relationship between nature and nurture with regards to child development? The debate continues. While some believe â€Å"nature and nurture work together, others believe they are separate and opposing influences† (McDevitt, 2010). Nature vs Nurture In regards to the nature vs. nurture debate, â€Å"this debate is a major issue in many social science disciplines and is concerned with the influence that biology, geneticsRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate1427 Words   |  6 Pagesparents use authoritarian methods and punishment.† The nature Vs nurture debate has been around since 1690 created by the philosopher John Locke who believed we as humans do not have natural, inborn ideas; that our minds are a blank page, upon which experience shall write. Nurture is everything and nature is simply nothing. â€Å"Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factorsRead MoreThe Debate Of Nature V. Nurture1688 Words   |  7 Pages statistics, and the macro perspective of experiences, only then can we find what we think may be the truth. A specific example of a controversial sociological topic is the debate of nature v. nurture. This debate has been going on for a very long time, and it really depends on who you talk to about it. What nature v. nurture refers to is that you are either the person you are because of heredity, or you are who you are because of society and are thus, a product of your environment. People s experiencesRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate1366 Words   |  6 PagesPSYS 150 Assessment Task 1 Nature-Nurture Debate Scientists and biologist have argued the Nature versus Nurture debate for decades. This debate argues the degree to which our genetics or environment, affects our behaviour and developmental stages. Nature is described as the genetic material that makes up an individual. Nurture can be described as the way in which the environment and experiences of an individual influence their behavior and development. The debate has centered on which is a greaterRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Debate1291 Words   |  6 PagesHow is the nature vs nurture debate related to a consideration of the mental disorder, schizophrenia? INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is categorized by thoughts or experiences that seem abnormal with reality, disorganized speech or behaviour and decreased participation in regular daily activities. Difficulty with memory and concentration are sometimes also present. The two hit hypothesis generally refers to a genetic vulnerability, which is known as the first hit, triggered by something in the environment

Attticus finch eulogy Free Essays

Attic’s told me and Jeremy to â€Å"walk a mile In someone else’s skin before you Judge them† this quote from him showed us that Attic’s was the best role model that I could ask for and I don’t think I would change Attic’s as father for anything In the world. I would Like to tell you about one of the greatest moments In the life of this great and honorable man, the time he defended a dark skinned man against a white women In the Macomb courthouse, this man was Tom Robinson. My father believed that Tom Robinson was n innocent man who was convicted of a crime he didn’t commit. We will write a custom essay sample on Attticus finch eulogy or any similar topic only for you Order Now My father bravely took on this case, even though he knew that he would probably not win. When taking on this case he knew that people would think of differently because he was defending a colored man. But he believed that he could win on the evidence he had gathered, he believed in Justice and believed in the Justice system. He wanted the justice to be color blind for the trial so the court could Judge Tom Robinson like a normal person. People rarely win, but sometimes you do. Sadly, this was one the cases my father did not, which shows that even the best can lose sometimes. Another great moment I think in his life was him taking time of his life to teach Gem and l. He wanted us to enjoy and to learn good useful things throughout our time with him. One of the great things taught us was it is better fight with your head instead of using your fists and also taught us that you never really understand a person until you consider things from their point of view. He taught us these things o he could keep us away from the ugly things in the world but not all the ugly things so we could learn from them. From the things my great father has taught Gem and l, I have learnt to respect myself and others, to try my best and to do what is right. With these things in mind I’d like to this speech to an end. I would like you reflect and learn from the things Attic’s has taught me and the quotes he had said to me such as â€Å"walk mile in someone’s skin before you Judge them†. When he first said these things to me I didn’t realism what his sayings meant, but now I know what his quotes meant and I am honored he had said these things to me. It has been a privilege to have known Attic’s, and to especially to have him as a father. I do not know what I would have done without him, may he rest In peace. Autistic finch eulogy (killing a mocking bird) By allotment Jeremy to â€Å"walk a mile in someone else’s skin before you Judge them† this quote from him showed us that Attic’s was the best role model that I could ask for and I don’t think I would change Attic’s as father for anything in the world. I would like to tell oh about one of the greatest moments in the life of this great and honorable man, the time he defended a dark skinned man against a white women in the Macomb Courthouse, this man was Tom Robinson. My father believed that Tom Robinson was with him. One of the great things taught us was it is better fight with your head as â€Å"walk a mile in someone’s skin before you Judge them†. When he first said these things to me I didn’t realism what his sayings meant, but now I know what his quotes would have done without him, may he rest in peace. How to cite Attticus finch eulogy, Papers

Outline on the Wrong Ruling on Vouchers free essay sample

The voucher programs allows students to use stipends to choose where they want to attend school. B. The issue lies with the fact that students’ only options are between low-performing public schools and parochial schools. C. This choice is subsidized by tax payers and therefore unconstitutional. II. Cleveland’s limited stipend pushes students towards less expensive parochial schools A.Cleveland’s stipends are capped at $2,250 which are much lower than tuition costs of traditional private schools. B. Parochial schools are the best option for students using vouchers because they are within the price range of the stipends. C. Nearly 96. 6 percent of students using vouchers attend religious affiliated schools. III. The publicly funded vouchers go against separation of Church and State A. Religious teaching cannot be funded by the state and violates the First Amendment. B. Students attending parochial schools can be required to purchase religious texts and materials with tax dollars. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline on the Wrong Ruling on Vouchers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page C. The voucher program goes against church and state because it uses public funds to indoctrinate religious beliefs in students. IV. Addressing counter-arguments on First Amendment issue A. Counterargument is that the First Amendment is not violated because parents decide where to send their children. B. With the state of Cleveland’s education system, parents do not a have a wealth of options. C. Regardless of the parents’ decision, tax payers should not be forced to fund religious teaching of students. V. The court ruling also does damage to the education system A.The common argument to support the voucher system is the belief that it will force public schools to compete for students. B. This theory would hurt the public school system by draining talented students and much needed funds. Conclusion:â€Å"As Justice John Paul Stevens wrote in dissent, Whenever we remove a brick from the wall that was designed to separate religion and government, we increase the risk of religious strife and weaken the foundation of our democracy. This court has removed many bricks.

Jane Eyre Human Condition Essay Example

Jane Eyre: Human Condition Paper Jane Eyre demonstrates the human condition in various ways throughout the novel. Mr. Rochester demonstrates the human conditions of reckless abandon and foolish love. Mr. Rochester demonstrates this with his wife Bertha. Mr. Rochester is a very passionate character, and passion often leads to recklessness and/or foolishness. Mr. Rochester married Bertha in Jamaica and because he did not marry for love, he neglects her when she goes mad. Instead of facing his problems or considering the consequences, Mr. Rochester locks Bertha away in the attic. Mr. Rochester demonstrates reckless abandon through his own selfishness of keeping Bertha hidden and a secret from Jane. When he and Jane become romantically involved, he continues to keep Bertha in secrecy and when he and Jane are engaged, he still does not confess his secret. Mr. Rochester demonstrates the human condition of reckless abandon out of foolishness from love. Foolish love is another human condition also revealed in Mr. Rochester. While Mr. Rochester is still married to Bertha, he insists that he and Jane run away together to France to live as husband and wife. Mr. Rochester is deeply in love with Jane and because of his emotions, he does not think about the craziness of his proposal. He is a fool in love willing to drop everything and forget about his wife Bertha, to ride off with Jane into the sunset. His human condition leads him to reckless abandon and irrational thinking when it comes to love. His passion blindsides him from Jane and her emotions. We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre: Human Condition specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre: Human Condition specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre: Human Condition specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As a result of Mr. Rochesters reckless abandon and foolish love, Janes suffering is another human example displayed in the novel. Janes introverted personality contrasts with Mr. Rochesters passionate personality. Jane falls deeply in love with Mr. Rochester and was about to marry him when she finds out that he is married to another woman. Although, Mr. Rochesters proposal to run away together seems tempting, Jane declines the offer because she refuses to be someones mistress. Jane suffers when she forces herself to leave the man she loves. Jane also suffers from Mr. Rochesters actions when he openly flirts with Blanche Ingram, leading Jane to believe that he will propose to Blanche. Mr. Rochesters women, Bertha and Blanche, serve as obstacles in Janes life. These women are obstacles in Janes pursuit of happiness, which makes Jane suffer. Jane also suffers physically under the abuse of her cousins when she was a child.

The Origins of Cuban-Chinese Cuisine

The Origins of Cuban-Chinese Cuisine Cuban-Chinese Cuisine is the traditional fusing of Cuban and Chinese food by Chinese migrants to Cuba in the 1850s. Brought to Cuba as laborers, these migrants and their Cuban-Chinese progeny developed a cuisine that blended Chinese and Caribbean flavors. After the Cuban Revolution in 1959, many Cuban Chinese left the island and some established Cuban Chinese food restaurants in the United States, mainly in New York City and Miami. Some diners contend that Cuban-Chinese food is more Cuban than Chinese. There are also other genres of Chinese-Latin and Asian-Latin food blends created by Asian migrants to Latin America over the last two centuries. Traditional Cuban Chinese food should not be confused with the current trend of Chino-Latino fusion restaurants that have a modern fusion take on the blending of these two cuisine cultures. Major Food Elements   The Chinese and Cubans are both fans of pork  and serve them as staple dishes. So it was only natural that many Chinese-Cuban specialties involve the â€Å"other white meat.† Popular pork dishes include grilled pork chops in black bean sauce – that’s the Chinese black bean, not the Latin one, using fermented black soy beans. Also popular is a Chinese-Cuban roast pork using Chinese five spice and Chinese-Cuban spare ribs. Rice is also a staple for both cultures. The Chinese in Cuba took local varieties of rice and cooked it in the Chinese stir-fry method in a wok, creating arroz frito, or fried rice. They also used the rice in a Chinese rice porridge, which is like a rice soup cooked with bits of meat and vegetables. Other starches also include noodles for hearty soups, and dough to make wonton wrappers. Plantains, yucca, and black beans are also featured in many Cuban Chinese dishes. Seafood such as fish and shrimp also make up many Cuban-Chinese dishes. Often fish, such as red snapper, is served in the Chinese style of frying or steaming it whole, with the head included, using only the lightest of flavorings such as ginger, scallion, cilantro, and lemon. Popular vegetables include Chinese cabbage, turnip and bean sprouts. Where to Eat Cuban-Chinese Food New York: Flor de Mayo (two locations) La Dinastia   La Victoria China  Nuevo Jardin De China Miami: El Crucero

Family Life Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family Life Education - Assignment Example Family education needs to begin by changing inequal and unfair family dynamics along gender lines, embracing alternate conceptions and providing people with the tools to manage conflicts. To be clear, I am not assuming that all families must be the same. Polygamous families with multiple wives or husbands, polyamorous couples with children who have open sexual relationships, gay families who adopt children, cohabitating couples that don't want to get married... moral or religious considerations aside, all of these family structures need support and protection. It's in no one's interests to have a broken family, no matter what kind of family it is. This is where family education and family therapy needs to start: Putting aside normative judgments about what families should do and instead give people goals to identify and solve their own problems. Like all good education and psychology, the Pygmalion effect has to be avoided: We can't change people into what they want; we can only help them be better at doing what they want. Allen and Baber (1992) argue that family education has to embrace feminist theory to work. They point out that many of the fundamental conflicts between people are informed by gender norms and patriarchy: â€Å"[F]eminist analyses reveal the detrimental and often devastating effects that traditional family roles, economic exploitation, and social inequalities have on women's health and general well-being† (Allen and Baber, 1992, p. 1). And it's not just women who suffer. Indirectly, patriarchy and gender inequality cause cascading effects: Women are unhappy and stressed, so they can't find satisfaction and happiness, so they pursue outside romance or affairs or divorce their husbands, which in turn harms children. Directly, patriarchy creates artificial and misguided assessments about the roles men, children and women should and do perform that never made much sense and make absolutely no sense now. The Leave It to Beaver model of an a uthoritarian father, supportive mother and obedient children is not the way most people choose to live their lives. Family educators thus need to be educated and trained to understand these kind of persistent inequalities, recognize them when they occur and deal with them. A great example is found in the second shift and in maternity leave (Hochschild, 2003; Wise, 2008). The second shift is when women have to work eight hours at work just like men. This is because the change in the economy has made it so people have to have two breadwinners to make ends meet. Ironically, feminist successes at getting women into careers didn't precipitate changes in underlying family structures and distributions of work: Instead, women work eight hours a day at a job then another eight hours a day at home, doing domestic work. It's true that men do pick up some of the slack, but never in a really consistent way according to Hochschild's (2003) research. Similarly, women get put into a â€Å"mommy tr ack† not because they don't want to work but because it's impossible to imagine having their husbands take more time off work. â€Å"Unless the social structure supports shared sacrifice, sacrifice will end up being made by those with the least institutional power, irrespective of one’s personal desires† (Wise, 2008). In the United States, men don't receive paternity leave, so

Newspapers and Television Media Forum Types Essay

Newspapers and Television Media Forum Types - Essay Example The researcher states that there are immensely significant problems that both newspapers and television point out, and under the domains of the political regimes, the same become even more important. These touch upon the negativities that have marred the politics of the time, the constant developments happening for the sake of the masses, the inter-linkages and relationships that have cropped up every now and then amongst the political forces, and so on and so forth. The need is to understand how the newspapers and television have been able to cover just about everything that is of interest to the general audiences, who are the masses indeed. The element of exposing the political process is something that comes out in the open with the incorporation of the newspapers and television in the long run. What is even more necessary is an understanding that newspapers and television have been associated with finding out the details that no other avenue of life has been able to muster up. Th e element of persuasion attached to both newspapers and television is there because people depend on them for their credibility that they bring to the fore. Merely the fact that the news is present on the airwaves or in the print suggests that it has credibility which could be trusted upon and sought verification from the people who are in charge of the same. However, there are trust issues amongst the people from different cross-sections of life but more or less, the people do believe the written word and the news that are run on the television. Within a political campaign, the persuasion is a core basis of the work that the newspapers and television do. Both these media forums basically educate and inform the voters about the role of the political parties and the campaigns that are being done. What is even more significant is the fact that the element of persuasion gets an indelible impression on the minds and hearts of the people if they have read it in the newspapers or seen it for their own selves on the television. An element of belongingness seems to come along with what is there on the newspapers and on television. This is the reason why many political campaigns center on the usage of both newspapers and television for their political mileage as well as to reach select target audiences. This is one of the core reasons why immense success has been achieved within the related ranks under the discussion of persuasion leading up to the political campaigns and processes.

Truss Optimisation Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Truss Optimisation - Dissertation Example Ghasemi et al. (1999) have revealed the appropriateness of the genetic algorithms to deal with the large trusses that have numerous indefinite variables. This study shows that how an algorithm of our design can be employed to match this previous study. The paper will hugely concentrate over the application of genetic algorithm to trusses developed under indefinite conditions (Ganzerli et al., 2003). 1.1. Background Galileo Galilei has been recognized as the first scientist by the Coello Coello et al. (1994), who studied optimization of structures over the bending of beams in his work. Over the period of time, this subject has developed and become an area of engineering, in itself, which is known as the structural optimization. For the last few decades, the rising interest towards this area has been because of the availability of powerful and cheap computers as well as due to the rapid progress in the analytic and optimization methods for the structures (Soh and Yang, 1998). The optim ization of the weight of the structures is of great importance to many fields of engineering. It might be linked to cost optimization, in some aspects, as it clearly tends towards an optimal usage of the materials. The weight optimized structures, in civil engineering, are very convenient as the construction as well as the transportation work in, relation to the build-up, is simple. The engagement of the least possible share of the load capacity by the structure itself is another benefit of developing a structure with its weight being optimized. Also, in the aircraft and car industries, the structural optimization is highly important since a lighter structure leads to a better fuel efficiency. The use of genetic algorithms is an efficient optimization technique. GA is a form of evolutionary programming (Alander, 1999) and most likely known as the best optimization technique of the present time (Ashlock, 2006). It provokes the evolutionary principle of survival of the fittest through aggregating the optimum solutions to a problem in numerous generations in order to augment the outcome gradually. The elementary population of solutions is constructed on the random basis and then along with the evolution, the best solutions are aggregated in each generation until they converged in to an optimal solution (Gold Berg, 1989). 1.2. Literature Review Over the previous two decades, the genetic algorithms have been used in search for an optimal design solution for trusses that has been explained in numerous scientific reports. However the optimization in the majority of these studies does not relate to shape, size and topology simultaneously. In general, the topology of the truss is fixed that means the inner connectivity of the members is constant (Ravindran and Ragsdell, 2006). The most frequently used method to deal with the optimization of the truss topology is the ground structure method that has been used by Hajela & Lee (1995) and Deb & Gulati (2000) in their work. An extremely connected ground structure having numerous nodes and elements, in the ground structure method, is gradually minimized until just the basic required elements are left (Ohsaki, 2005). The emphasis has been over the development of a highly efficient genetic algorithm, in some of the recent studies on truss optimization with GA, which determines an optimal solution through the least possible number of calculations such as the adaptive approach given by Togan & Daloglu (2006) and the directed mutation

Sociological Approaches To Health And Ill Health

Sociological Approaches To Health And Ill Health In this assignment I will look at the different sociological perspectives on health and ill health as well as the different definitions of it. Defining health is really difficult as there are many different views. There have been many criticisms of the defining of health. The definition of health has changed over the years. For example In Mauritania; a small country in N.W. Africa, obesity is considered a sign of beauty. Girls are force-fed so that they grow up with that obesity look. In the western country obesity is seen as ill health, unattractive and associated with negative stereotypes. Obesity is still seen as a sign of wealth and well-being in many parts of Africa. Functionalist Approach The functionalist approach on health and ill health derives from Talcott Pearson. Talcott saw ill health as a threat to society and believed that good health was essential in order for society to be still functioning. He said that ill health affects our ability to work and perform our roles in society. For that reason he said that for a person to be considered sick there are several expectation to be met. He called the expectations the sick role which indicated how people are supposed to be like when they are ill and how they should be thinking. The sick role divides into two groups; the rights and the obligations. Rights; The sick person is free from any social roles. For example work, or school, they should be allowed to take the day off in order to get back to normal The sick person is not responsible for their condition Obligations; The person should seek for medical assistance. For example going to the doctors to get checked up and get treatment The person should not like being sick. For example the person should not fake being sick just because they get attention as well as getting a day off their normal duties. However the sick role backfires sometimes as people tend to lose patience with the sick person or deny that they are sick for reasons such as liking the role. For example family, they may show sympathy at the beginning but after a while they lose patience with the sick person and assume he/she is seeking attention or is a hypochondriac. Marxist Feminist Approach Marxist approach believes that the health and social care service care services are provided just to help the bourgeoisies gain profit. The Marxist believe that the health and social care of the service users should be maintained in order for them to quickly get back to work so that they can make profit for the bourgeoisies. In order to maintain the social hierarchy the government purposely ignores the selling of products which can harm ones body for example, cigarettes, tobacco etc. In the modern world I believe the hierarchy is shaped into a pyramid with a few elite at the top controlling and manipulating those below which allows the rich to always be the rich and the poor to be the poor giving no chance for movement in the hierarchy. Feminist writers believe that the medical profession and pharmaceutical industries have given a low priority to developing male contraceptive pills which have fewer harmful side effects compared to contraceptives used by women. This shows that society is exploiting women and increase anxiety and stress for women there by suppressing their abilities and making life outside of family harder so that women resume their position as a housewife. For example a women experiencing depression or nausea at her workplace will perform badly therefore in comparison to males who are performing better and getting better result she will seem inferior .This clearly shows how society and its medications are purposely full of side effects to marginalise women, so that the males will be more dominant. While Marxist and Socialist Feminist argue that women are not receiving the same medications as males. Women have two roles, also known as double day which signifies two roles women have to undertake. First of all as a housewife, taking care of her domestic duties, and the other as a worker/employer. Sociologist Doyal suggests that it is the fact that women have two roles in society, that they getting sick. Personally I believe it is due to the medication we receive as women, which could otherwise be given to men with far less side effects. It is the due to the lack of consideration and its need for male dominance that women are sick. Even now in this modern day the definition of health is not clear. There are two opposing theories one being that health means the absence of disease the other being not only an absence of disease but also a state of physical, mental, spiritual and social well-being. The negative concept is the absence of disease which would mean that the person needs to be diagnose with a disease in order to be unhealthy. However the positive definition which is provided by the World Health Organization (WHO)in 1974;not merely an absence of disease but also a state of physical, mental, spiritual and social well-being means that you dont have to be diagnosed with a disease you could be mentally ill ,physically, spiritually ,socially, emotionally, or intellectually. So therefore the health and social care sectors usually take a holistic assessment in order to address the needs of the whole person rather than single issues. (Btec level 3 health and social care book 3). Sociologist Mildred Blaxter carried a large survey and then identified three definitions to health and well-being; One positive definition; regarding health as being fit Two being a negative definition; Regarding health as being free from pain or discomfort And lastly a functional definition; regarding health in terms of being able to perform certain, day-to-day tasks Concepts of ill health Clinical Iceberg One concept of health is Clinical Iceberg this is a term used to describe unreported illness. The statistics produced by the government and the doctors have a 94% off unreported illness missing from the statistics. For example Lyme Disease is one of the highest unreported illnesses that is unreported. A survey last month for the Everyman Male Cancer Campaign suggested that nearly twice as many men as women had not visited their GP in the past year. (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8154200.stm last accessed 22/10/12 18:02) (http://www.anh-usa.org/lymedisease/ last accessed 27/12/12 )So therefore this could be one of the reason why there are so many unreported illness because men do need see a doctor because the try and live up to the saying of men dont cry and they are tough so this leads them to think that if they do go to the doctors that they are weak. Impairment Impairment is the restrictions to our day-to-day activities caused by physical or mental dysfunctions for example Down syndrome; a learning difficultly. Disability Disability is seen by Tom Shakespeare as restrictions that arise for a person with impairments because society does not take into account the needs of people with impairment for example someone in a wheel chair not having ramps in buildings or someone deaf not having hearing aids available. However some people may refer this to disabling environment which suggests an environment where facilities for the impairments are not available for people to take full part in social life.

Music on the Internet and Copyright Infringement :: Web Music Industry Essays

Abstract Millions of users worldwide use online file swapping services, in order to download free music. Record companies, needless to say, are not very happy about this, neither are many musicians. This paper presents the historical and legal background of this subject. Then, it discusses the morality of such free music services, based on two major ethical theories: consequentialism and contractianism. Introduction The Audio Home Recording Act (AHRA) [1], states: â€Å"No action may be brought under this title alleging infringement of copyright based on the manufacture, importation, or distribution of a digital audio recording device, a digital audio recording medium, an analog recording device, or an analog recording medium, or based on the noncommercial use by a consumer of such a device or medium for making digital musical recordings or analog musical recordings.† The above indicates that individuals can make copies of music recordings for personal noncommercial use and cannot be sued for copyright infringement [2]. In 21st century terms, it can be argued that downloading MP3 files containing music for personal use is not illegal. Napster lawyers thought so too. This argument was used by Napster’s lawyers as one of the two lines of defense at the lawsuit filed against Napster by The Record Industry Association of America (the RIAA) [3]. Unfortunately for Napster, the judge ruling was in favor of the RIAA, and eventually it brought Napster down. Napster was a pioneer in the area of file swapping over the Internet. The Napster web site made available the software necessary for the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file transfer to work. People used it primarily for copying MP3 music files, thus avoiding the need to actually purchase recorded music. Napster quickly became a very popular web site with a 15 million registered users in less than a year, according to company sources. However, Napster’s remarkable success was not at its best interest. It had drawn the attention of the Record Industry, and raised its concerns of Copyright infringement in large volumes. Barely a year after its launch, it was sued by the RIAA, which represents major recording companies such as Universal Music, BMG, Sony Music, Warner Music Group, and EMI. The RIAA claimed that by allowing users to swap music recordings for free, Napster’s service violated Copyright laws. Eventually, the judge ruled against Napster, and, failing to complete the sale deal with Bertelsmann AG, it had to shut down its operations and liquidate its assets [3].